Publications

Research &
Writing.

My research focuses on industrial policy in the green transition, the costs and challenges of decarbonising heavy industries (steel, ammonia, methanol), and the design of policy instruments to address these obstacles.

14 Publications
3 Working papers
1 Journal article
Journal of Industrial Ecology 2025 Journal

Pricing the green transition: An investment appraisal of Romanian low-carbon steel

An investment appraisal of the transition to low-carbon steel production in Romania, examining the economic costs and financial viability of decarbonisation pathways for the Romanian primary steelmaker.

Bălașa, M., & Sandberg, R.
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Working Paper 2026 Working Paper

Have Zonal Electricity Prices in Sweden Caused Industrial (Re-)locations?

This paper analyses the consequences of the Swedish electricity market reform which divided the country into four bidding zones. Such changes are expected to lead to industrial relocations towards the cheaper electricity zones. We examine the macro and micro levels of this reconfiguration using regional and firm-level data.

Bălașa, M., & Pollitt, M.
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Working Paper In progress Working Paper

Climate Change Mitigation or Strategic Competitiveness? Industrial Policy as a Geopolitical Tool

Examines the role of geoeconomics when analysing industrial policy motivated by climate objectives and by strategic competitiveness, exploring how geopolitical incentives shape the design and green industrial policy.

Bălașa, M.
Draft available upon request
Working Paper In progress Working Paper

Carbon Contracts for Difference to Decarbonize Steel Production

A state support scheme aiming to provide long-run investment certainty for the Romanian primary steelmaker, analysing how Carbon Contracts for Difference can bridge the cost gap between green and conventional steel production.

Bălașa, M., & Miu, L.
Draft available upon request
CEE Energy News 2026 Op-ed

A clean energy vision for Central and Eastern Europe amid uncertainty and fossil fuel price spikes

An op-ed on how energy price volatility and fossil fuel import dependence expose Central and Eastern Europe to repeated shocks, and why a resilient clean energy strategy is essential for the region's competitiveness and security.

Bălașa, M., & Lagurashvili, T.
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Energy Policy Group 2026 Op-ed

Momentul de cotitură al siderurgiei românești

Un op-ed care examinează momentul decisiv cu care se confruntă siderurgia românească în contextul tranziției verzi, explorând alegerile de politică industrială și condițiile structurale care vor determina viitorul sectorului.

Bălașa, M., & Strîmbovschi, S.
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Energy Policy Group 2025 Commentary

Transforming Romania's Fertiliser Industry: Managing Trade-offs between Different Ammonia Pathways

An analysis of decarbonisation pathways for Romania's fertiliser industry, examining the trade-offs between different ammonia production routes and their implications for industrial competitiveness and climate targets.

Bălașa, M., & Miu, L.
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Energy Policy Group 2025 Policy Paper

Can Romania Revive Its Domestic Methanol Production? Key Challenges and Opportunities

A policy paper examining the key challenges and opportunities for reviving domestic methanol production in Romania, analysing the conditions under which Romania could re-establish a competitive methanol industry aligned with the green transition.

Bălașa, M., Strîmbovschi, S., & Cătuți, M.
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Energy Policy Group 2025 Op-ed

Hydrogen: A story of strategic autonomy

An examination of hydrogen's role in Europe's industrial strategy, focusing on the intersection of energy security, strategic autonomy, and the green transition.

Bălașa, M.
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Energy Policy Group 2025 Policy Paper

Ensuring the Long-term Competitiveness of Romania's Steel Industry

A policy-focused assessment of the structural challenges facing Romania's steel sector, identifying the conditions necessary to maintain industrial competitiveness through the green transition.

Bălașa, M., & Strîmbovschi, S.
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Energy Policy Group 2024 Slide Deck

The Cost of Romania's Industrial Transition

A slide deck presenting an overview of the investment costs and policy implications associated with Romania's industrial transition, examining decarbonisation pathways across key heavy industry sectors.

Miu, L., Bălașa, M., Cătuți, M., Strîmbovschi, S., & Lazăr, C.
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Engelsberg Ideas 2026 Essay

Hydrogen warfare

How hydrogen fuel technologies could revolutionise military operations, with potential implications for NATO strategy and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.

Bălașa, M.
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Engelsberg Ideas 2025 Essay

Romania's long return to the West

How Romania's historical Latin heritage and westward cultural orientation continue to shape its modern NATO membership and geopolitical positioning.

Bălașa, M.
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Engelsberg Ideas 2023 Essay

Locked arms: looming threats to the Romania–NATO partnership

An examination of threats to Romania's NATO partnership, including domestic political instability, the rise of far-right movements, economic challenges, and corruption within defence sectors.

Bălașa, M.
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